671 F.3d 881
In re NATIONAL SECURITY AGENCY TELECOMMUNICATIONS RECORDS LITIGATION,
Tash Hepting; Gregory Hicks ; Erik Knutzen; Carolyn Jewel, on behalf of themselves and all other similarly situated, Plaintiffs–Appellants,
v.AT & T Corporation; AT & T, Inc., Defendants–Appellees,United States of America, Defendant–intervenor–Appellee.
Sean Basinski, on behalf of himself and all others similarly situated; All Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs–Appellants,
v.Verizon Communications, Inc.; Verizon, Defendants–Appellees,United States of America, Defendant–intervenor–Appellee.
Richard D. Suchanek, III, on behalf of himself and all others similarly situated; All Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs–Appellants,
v.Sprint Nextel Corporation, Defendant–Appellee,United States of America, Defendant–intervenor–Appellee.
Charles F. Bissitt; Sandra Bissitt; George Hayek, III; June Matrumalo; Gerard Thibeault; Arthur Bouchard; Maryann Bouchard; Aldo Caparco; Janice Caparco; Jenna Caparco; Rose Deluca; Nicole Mirabella; Patricia Pothier; Paul Pothier; Marshall Votta; Vincent Matrumalo; Paula Matrumalo; Jennifer Thomas; Christine Douquette; Maryann Klaczynski; All Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs–Appellants,
v.Verizon Communications, Inc.; Verizon, Defendants–Appellees.
Christopher Bready; Anne Bready; Kyu Chun Kim; Jenet Artis; Claudis Artis; David Beverly, Jr.; All Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs–Appellants,
v.Verizon Maryland, Inc.; Verizon, Defendants–Appellees,United States of America, Defendant–intervenor–Appellee.
Tom Campbell; George Main ; Dennis P. Riordan; Margaret Russell; Robert Scheer; Peter Sussman; Richard Belzer; Marc Cooper ; Stephen J. Mather; Sandra Richards; Curren Warf; American Civil Liberties Union of Northern California, a nonprofit corporation; ACLU of Southern California, a nonprofit corporation; American Civil Liberties Union of San Diego/Imperial Counties, a nonprofit corporation; All Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs–Appellants,
v.AT & T Communications of California, a corporation; AT & T Corp., a corporation, Defendants–Appellees,United States of America, Defendant–intervenor–Appellee.
Dennis P. Riordan; Edward Gerard De Bonis; Robert S. Gerstein ; Rod Gorney; Robert Jacobson; Vincent J. Maniscalco; Carol Sobel ; American Civil Liberties Union of Northern California, a nonprofit corporation; ACLU of Southern California, a nonprofit corporation; American Civil Liberties Union of San Diego/Imperial Counties, a nonprofit corporation; All Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs–Appellants,
v.Verizon Communications, Inc., a corporation; Verizon, Defendants–Appellees,United States of America, Defendant–intervenor–Appellee.
Glen Chulsky; Alejandro Trombley; Samuel Fisher; Omar Moreno ; Paul Robilotti; Stephen Ternlund; Anatoly Sapoznick; All Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs–Appellants,
v.Cellco Partnership, dba Verizon Wireless; Verizon, Verizon Communications, Inc.; AT & T, Inc.; Cingular Wireless, Defendants–Appellees,United States of America, Defendant–intervenor–Appellee.
Charmaine Crockett; A. Joris Watland; Anakalia Kaluna; Kim Coco Iwamoto; William R. Massey, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated; All Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs–Appellants,
v.Verizon Wireless, (VAW) LLC; Hawaiian Telecom, Inc., dba Verizon Hawaii; Nextel West Corp., dba Sprint; Cingular Wireless LLC; Verizon, Defendants–Appellees,United States of America, Defendant–intervenor–Appellee.
Travis Cross ; John Elder ; Gabriel Fileppelli; Sam Goldstein ; Healing Arts Center; David Kadlec; The Libertarian Party of Indiana; Tim Peterson; Carolyn W. Rader ; Sam Goldstein Insurance Agency, Inc. ; Sean Sheppard; All Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs–Appellants,
v.AT & T Communications, Inc. ; AT & T Corp.; AT & T Teleholdings, Inc., FKA SBC; Bright House Networks, LLC; Cingular Wireless, LLC; Comcast Telecommunications, Inc. ; Indiana Bell Telephone Company, Inc., dba SBC Ameritech Indiana; MCI Communications Services, Inc.; Nextel West Corp., dba Sprint Nextel; Sprint Communications Company, L.P.; Spring Spectrum L.P. ; TDS Communications Solutions, Inc. ; Verizon Wireless Services, Inc. ; Verizon, Defendants–Appellees,United States of America, Defendant–intervenor–Appellee.
Joan Dubois; Christopher Yowtz; Rebecca Yowtz; All Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs–Appellants,
v.AT & T Corp.; Charter Communications LLC; Communications Services, Inc.; Transworld Network Corp.; Verizon Wireless, LLC; Verizon, Defendants–Appellees,United States of America, Defendant–intervenor–Appellee.
Travis Cross ; John Elder ; Gabriel Fileppelli; Sam Goldstein ; Healing Arts Center; David Kadlec; The Libertarian Party of Indiana; Tim Peterson; Carolyn W. Rader ; Sam Goldstein Insurance Agency, Inc. ; Sean Sheppard, individually an on behalf of others similarly situated; All Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs–Appellants,
v.AT & T Communications of California, Inc. ; AT & T Corp.; AT & T Teleholdings, Inc.; Bright House Networks, LLC; Cingular Wireless, LLC; Comcast Telecommunications, Inc. ; Indiana Bell Telephone Company Incorporated, other SBC Ameritech Indiana; MCI Worldcom Advanced Networks, LLC ; McLeodUSA Telecommunications Services, Inc.; Nextel West Corp., dba Sprint Nextel Corporation; Sprint Communications Company L.P.; Spring Spectrum L.P. ; TDS Communications Solutions, Inc. ; Verizon Wireless Services, LLC; Verizon, Defendants–Appellees,United States of America, Defendant–intervenor–Appellee.
Pat Mahoney, individually, and on behalf of all others similarly situated; All Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs–Appellants,
v.AT & T Communications, Inc. ; AT & T Corp., Defendants–Appellees,United States of America, Defendant–intervenor–Appellee.
Pamela A. Mahoney, on behalf of herself and all others similarly situated; All Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs–Appellants,
v.Verizon Communications, Inc.; Verizon, Defendants–Appellees,United States of America, Defendant–intervenor–Appellee.
Mark P. Solomon, MD, on behalf of himself and all others similarly situated; All Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs–Appellants,
v.Verizon Communications, Inc.; Verizon, Defendants–Appellees,United States of America, Defendant–intervenor–Appellee.
Rhea Fuller, on behalf of herself and all others similarly situated; All Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs–Appellants,
v.Verizon Communications, Inc.; Verizon Wireless, LLC; Verizon, Defendants–Appellees,United States of America, Defendant–intervenor–Appellee.
Shelly D. Souder; All Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs–Appellants,
v.AT & T Inc.; AT & T Corp., Defendants–Appellees,United States of America, Defendant–intervenor–Appellee.
Steve Dolberg, on behalf of himself and all others similarly situated; All Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs–Appellants,
v.AT & T, Inc.; AT & T Corp., Defendants–Appellees,United States of America, Defendant–intervenor–Appellee.
Theresa Fortnash; All Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs–Appellants,
v.AT & T Corp., Defendant–Appellee,United States of America, Defendant–intervenor–Appellee.
D. Clive Hardy; All Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs–Appellants,
v.AT & T Corporation, Defendant–Appellee,United States of America, Defendant–intervenor–Appellee.
James C. Harrington; Richard A. Grigg; Louis Black; The Austin Chronicle; Michael Kentor, on behalf of themselves and all others similarly situated; All Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs–Appellants,
v.AT & T, Inc.; AT & T Corp.; AT & T Operations Inc. ; New Cingular Wireless Services, Inc., Defendants–Appellees.
Tina Herron; Brandy Sergi, individually and as representative of all similarly situated individuals; All Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs–Appellants,
v.Verizon Global Networks, Inc.; AT & T Corp.; American Telephone and Telegraph Company; BellSouth Communication Systems, LLC; BellSouth Telecommunications, Inc.; Verizon, Defendants–Appellees,United States of America, Defendant–intervenor–Appellee.
Darryl Hines ; Alex Klabacka; Jana Klabacja; All Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs–Appellants,
v.Verizon Northwest, Inc., an active Washington corporation; Verizon Communications, Inc., an active Delaware corporation; Verizon, Defendants–Appellees,United States of America, Defendant–intervenor–Appellee.
Howard Jacobs, a natural person; Laurence Kornblum, a natural person; Kathleen Miller, a natural person, on behalf of themselves and all others similarly situated; All Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs–Appellants,
v.AT & T Corp., a foreign corporation; American Telephone and Telegraph Company, a foreign corporation; BellSouth Telecommunications, Inc., a foreign corporation; Cingular Wireless LLC, a foreign limited liability company; Verizon Communications, Inc., a foreign limited liability company; Verizon Florida, Inc., a Florida corporation; Verizon, Defendants–Appellees,United States of America, Defendant–intervenor–Appellee.
Claudia Mink; All Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs–Appellants,
v.AT & T Communications of the Southwest, Inc., a Delaware corporation; Southwestern Bell Telephone, L.P., a Texas limited partnership; SBC Long Distance, LLC, a Delaware corporation, Defendants–Appellees,United States of America, Defendant–intervenor–Appellee.
Richard Roche ; All Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs–Appellants,
v.AT & T Corp., Defendant–Appellee,United States of America, Defendant–intervenor–Appellee.
Benson B. Roe; Paul Goltz, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated; All Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs–Appellants,
v.AT & T Corp., a New York corporation; AT & T Inc., a Delaware corporation; SBC Long Distance, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, dba AT & T Long Distance ; Pacific Bell Telephone Company, a California corporation, DBA AT & T California; AT & T Communications of California, Inc., a California corporation, Defendants–Appellees,United States of America, Defendant–intervenor–Appellee.
Elaine Spielfogel–Landis, on behalf of herself and all others similarly situated; All Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs–Appellants,
v.MCI, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company; Verizon, Defendants–Appellees,United States of America, Defendant–intervenor–Appellee.
Studs Terkel, (now deceased); Barbara Flynn Currie; Diane C. Geraghty; Gary S. Gerson; James D. Montgomery; Quentin Young, on behalf of themselves and all others similarly situated; American Civil...
